Constitution

__The Constitution as a legitimate document__
==== On December 12, 1993, the Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted by national referendum. Of all registered voters, 54.8% participated, and of these, 54.5% voted to adopt the constitution. Although this Constitution is still relatively new, the fact that it was voted on in the form of direct democracy makes it a legitimate ruling document of Russia. ====

__Summary and Important ideas of the Constitution__
==== The Constitution is the dominating legal rule. All of its laws apply directly to the whole of Russia; if any local laws conflict, the Constitution always rules. Russia has 89 territorial members, and so a federal form of government works best. The Constitution presents a general rule for the whole, while still allowing for individual territories to work best for their people. ==== ==== The Constitution divides the power of Russia into the President, the Federal Assembly, the Federal Executive Administration, and the Judiciary. This helps to keep the power distributed as opposed to resting in the hands of one group or person. ====

Free elections are a direct expression of the will of the people, and as such the power to vote is given to all citizens over the age of 18.
==== The political party system is still forming in Russia, though they are recognized as a necessary form of expression. Parties and other public associations are only barred if they promote violent upheaval of the system. ====

Russia is a secular state, and does not infringe upon religious freedoms except in the case of infringement upon human rights or crime.
==== Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 of the constitution may be amended by a two-thirds approval of the State Duma and a three-quarters approval of the Council. Chapters 1, 2, and 9 are much harder to amend and require a lengthy process. ====

**The President**

 * Elected every four years and limited to two consecutive terms.
 * Head of state
 * Has the right to pardon
 * Commander-in-chief
 * Can initiate legislation and veto laws.
 * Appoints the prime minister with the consent of the State Duma.

**The Federal Assembly**
= = ==== Lawmaking: Bills are submitted to the State Duma, and financial/tax bills must be approved by the executive administration prior to submission. A majority is necessary before it is to move on to the Council of Federation. It continues on if it is approved by more than half of the Council’s members or if it is not considered within 14 days. A conciliatory commission can be created if the Council wishes to alter the bill, or the State Duma can bypass the council with a two-thirds majority. Last, the law goes to the president for signature and publishing. He has 14 days to reject it, in which he can send it back for reconsideration. However, if both the Duma and the Council approve it by two-thirds majorities, the president has no choice but to sign. ====
 * Bicameral legislature: Council of the Federation (Upper House) and State Duma (lower house)
 * The State Duma initiates all bills, and the Council mainly serves to approve or disapprove laws passed through the Duma.

**Judiciary**
= =
 * Main purpose is to protect human rights and freedoms, and to make sure the government’s actions are always legal.
 * There are several levels of courts, and all maintain exclusivity from the rest of the government

[]

Preamble
We, the multinational people of the Russian Federation, united by a common destiny on our land, asserting human rights and liberties, civil peace and accord, preserving the historic unity of the state, proceeding from the commonly recognized principles of equality and self-determination of the peoples honoring the memory of our ancestors, who have passed on to us love of and respect for our homeland and faith in good and justice, reviving the sovereign statehood of Russia and asserting its immutable democratic foundations, striving to secure the wellbeing and prosperity of Russia and proceeding from a sense of responsibility for our homeland before the present and future generations, and being aware of ourselves as part of the world community, hereby approve the **Constitution of the Russian Federation.**

SECTION ONE

 * ==Chapter 1. The Fundamentals of the Constitutional System== ||

**//Article 1.//**
The Russian Federation -- Russia shall be a democratic federal rule-of-law state with the republican form of government. The names "Russian Federation" and "Russia" shall be equivalent.

**//Article 2.//**
Man, his rights and freedoms shall be the supreme value. It shall be a duty of the state to recognize, respect and protect the rights and liberties of man and citizen.

**//Article 3.//**

 * 1) The multinational people of the Russian Federation shall be the vehicle of sovereignty and the only source of power in the Russian Federation.
 * 2) The people of the Russian Federation shall exercise their power directly, and also through organs of state power and local self-government.
 * 3) The referendum and free elections shall be the supreme direct manifestation of the power of the people.
 * 4) No one may arrogate to oneself power in the Russian Federation. Seizure of power or appropriation of power authorization shall be prosecuted under federal law.

**//Article 4.//**

 * 1) The sovereignty of the Russian Federation shall apply to its entire territory.
 * 2) The Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws shall have supremacy throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation.
 * 3) The Russian Federation shall ensure the integrity and inviolability of its territory.

**//Article 5.//**

 * 1) The Russian Federation shall consist of republics, territories, regions, federal cities, an autonomous region and autonomous areas, which shall be equal subjects of the Russian Federation.
 * 2) The republic (state) shall have its own constitution and legislation. A territory, region, federal city, autonomous region and autonomous area shall have its own charter and legislation
 * 3) The federated structure of the Russian Federation shall be based on its state integrity, the uniform system of state power, delimitation of scopes of authority and powers between the bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state power of the subjects of the Russian Federation, equality and self-determination of the peoples in the Russian Federation.
 * 4) All the subjects of the Russian Federation shall be equal among themselves in relations with the Federal bodies of state power.

**//Article 6.//**

 * 1) Citizenship of the Russian Federation shall be acquired and terminated in accordance with the Federal law, and shall be one and equal irrespective of the grounds on which it has been acquired.
 * 2) Every citizen of the Russian Federation shall have all the rights and liberties on its territory and bear equal duties, stipulated by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
 * 3) A citizen of the Russian Federation may not be stripped of citizenship or of the right to change it.

**//Article 7.//**

 * 1) The Russian Federation shall be a social state, whose policies shall be aimed at creating conditions which ensure a dignified life and free development of man.
 * 2) The Russian Federation shall protect the work and health of its people, establish a guaranteed minimum wage, provide state support for family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, and also for the disabled and for elderly citizens, develop a system of social services and establish government pensions, benefits and other social security guarantees.

**//Article 8.//**

 * 1) Unity of economic space, free movement of goods, services and financial resources, support for competition and freedom of any economic activity shall be guaranteed in the Russian Federation.
 * 2) Private, state, municipal and other forms of ownership shall be recognized and shall enjoy equal protection in the Russian Federation.

**//Article 9.//**

 * 1) The land and other natural resources shall be used and protected in the Russian Federation as the basis of the life and activity of the peoples living on their respective territories.
 * 2) The land and other natural resources may be in private, state municipal and other forms of ownership.

**//Article 10.//**
State power in the Russian Federation shall be exercised on the basis of the separation of the legislative, executive and judiciary branches. The bodies of legislative, executive and judiciary powers shall be independent.

**//Article 11.//**

 * 1) State power in the Russian Federation shall be exercised by the President of the`Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly (Council of the Federation and State Duma), the government of the Russian Federation and courts of the Russian Federation.
 * 2) State power in the subjects of the Russian Federation shall be exercised by the organs of state authority formed by them.
 * 3) The scopes of authority and powers of the bodies of state authority of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state authority of the subjects of the Russian Federation shall be delimited under this Constitution, Federal and other Treaties on the delimitation of scopes of authority and powers.

**//Article 12.//**
Local self-government shall be recognized and guaranteed in the Russian Federation. Local self-government shall operate independently within the bounds of its authority. The bodies of local self-government shall not be part of the state power bodies.

**//Article 13.//**

 * 1) Ideological plurality shall be recognized in the Russian Federation.
 * 2) No ideology may be instituted as a state-sponsored or mandatory ideology.
 * 3) Political plurality and the multi-party system shall be recognized in the Russian Federation.
 * 4) Public associations shall be equal before the law.
 * 5) The establishment and the activities of public associations, whose aims and actions are directed at forcible alteration of the fundamentals of constitutional governance and violation of the integrity of the Russian Federation and undermining of the security of the state, the forming of armed units, the incitement of social, racial, national and religious strife shall be prohibited.

**//Article 14.//**

 * 1) The Russian Federation shall be a secular state. No religion may be instituted as state-sponsored or mandatory religion.
 * 2) Religious associations shall be separated from the state, and shall be equal before the law.

**//Article 15.//**

 * 1) The Constitution of the Russian Federation shall have supreme legal force and direct effect, and shall be applicable throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation. Laws and other legal acts adopted by the Russian Federation may not contravene the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
 * 2) Organs of state power and local self-government, officials, citizens and the ir associations must comply with the laws and the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
 * 3) The laws shall be officially published. Unpublished laws shall not be applicable. No regulatory legal act affecting the rights, liberties or duties of the human being and citizen may apply unless it has been published officially for general knowledge.
 * 4) The commonly recognized principles and norms of the international law and the international treaties of the Russian Federation shall be a component part of its legal system. If an international treaty of the Russian Federation stipulates other rules than those stipulated by the law, the rules of the international treaty shall apply.

**//Article 16.//**

 * 1) The provisions of the present Chapter of the Constitution shall be the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and may not be changed except as provided for in this Constitution.
 * 2) No other provisions of this Constitution may contravene the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation.
 * ==Chapter 2. Rights and Liberties of Man and Citizen== ||

**//Article 17.//**

 * 1) The basic rights and liberties in conformity with the commonly recognized principles and norms of the international law shall be recognized and guaranteed in the Russian Federation and under this Constitution.
 * 2) The basic rights and liberties of the human being shall be inalienable and shall belong to everyone from birth.
 * 3) The exercise of rights and liberties of a human being and citizen may not violate the rights and liberties of other persons.

**//Article 18.//**
The rights and liberties of man and citizen shall have direct effect. They shall determine the meaning, content and application of the laws, and the activities of the legislative and executive branches and local self-government, and shall be secured by the judiciary.

**//Article 19.//**

 * 1) All people shall be equal before the law and in the court of law.
 * 2) The state shall guarantee the equality of rights and liberties regardless of sex, race, nationality, language, origin, property or employment status, residence, attitude to religion, convictions, membership of public associations or any other circumstance. Any restrictions of the rights of citizens on social, racial, national, linguistic or religious grounds shall be forbidden.
 * 3) Man and woman shall have equal rights and liberties and equal opportunities for their pursuit.

**//Article 20.//**

 * 1) Everyone shall have the right to life.
 * 2) Capital punishment may, until its abolition, be instituted by the federal law as exceptional punishment for especially grave crimes against life, with the accused having the right to have his case considered in a law court by jury.

**//Article 21.//**

 * 1) The dignity of the person shall be protected by the state. No circumstance may be used as a pretext for belittling it.
 * 2) No one may be subjected to torture, violence or any other harsh or humiliating treatment or punishment. No one may be subjected to medical, scientific or other experiments without his or her free consent.

**//Article 22.//**

 * 1) Everyone shall have the right to freedom and personal inviolability.
 * 2) Arrest, detention and keeping in custody shall be allowed only by an order of a court of law. No person may be detained for more than 48 hours without an order of a court of law.

**//Article 23.//**

 * 1) Everyone shall have the right to privacy, to personal and family secrets, and to protection of one's honor and good name.
 * 2) Everyone shall have the right to privacy of correspondence, telephone communications, mail, cables and other communications. Any restriction of this right shall be allowed only under an order of a court of law.

**//Article 24.//**

 * 1) It shall be forbidden to gather, store, use and disseminate information on the private life of any person without his/her consent.
 * 2) The bodies of state authority and the bodies of local self-government and the officials thereof shall provide to each citizen access to any documents and materials directly affecting his/her rights and liberties unless otherwise stipulated under the law.

**//Article 25.//**
The home shall be inviolable. No one shall have the right to enter the home against the will of persons residing in it except in cases stipulated by the federal law or under an order of a court of law.

**//Article 26.//**
Everyone shall have the right to determine and state his national identity. No one can be forced to determine and state his national identity. Everyone shall have the right to use his native language, freely choose the language of communication, education, training and creative work.

**//Article 27.//**

 * 1) Everyone who is lawfully staying on the territory of the Russian Federation shall have the right to freedom of movement and to choose the place to stay and reside.
 * 2) Everyone shall be free to leave the boundaries of the Russian Federation. The citizens of the Russian Federation shall have the right to freely return into the Russian Federation.

**//Article 28.//**
Everyone shall be guaranteed the right to freedom of conscience, to freedom of religious worship, including the right to profess, individually or jointly with others, any religion, or to profess no religion, to freely choose, possess and disseminate religious or other beliefs, and to act in conformity with them.

**//Article 29.//**

 * 1) Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought and speech.
 * 2) Propaganda or campaigning inciting social, racial, national or religious hatred and strife is impermissible. The propaganda of social, racial, national, religious or language superiority is forbidden.
 * 3) No one may be coerced into expressing one's views and convictions or into renouncing them.
 * 4) Everyone shall have the right to seek, get, transfer, produce and disseminate information by any lawful means. The list of information constituting the state secret shall be established by the federal law.
 * 5) The freedom of the mass media shall be guaranteed. Censorship shall be prohibited.

**//Article 30.//**

 * 1) Everyone shall have the right to association,including the right to create trade unions in order to protect one's interests. The freedom of public associations activities shall be guaranteed.
 * 2) No one may be coerced into joining any association or into membership thereof.

**//Article 31.//**
Citizens of the Russian Federation shall have the right to gather peacefully, without weapons, and to hold meetings, rallies, demonstrations, marches and pickets.

**//Article 32.//**

 * 1) Citizens of the Russian Federation shall have the right to participate in the administration of the affairs of the state both directly and through their representatives.
 * 2) Citizens of the Russian Federation shall have the right to elect and to be elected to bodies of state governance and to organs of local self-government, as well as take part in a referendum.
 * 3) Citizens who have been found by a court of law to be under special disability, and also citizens placed in detention under a court verdict, shall not have the right to elect or to be elected.
 * 4) Citizens of the Russian Federation shall have equal access to state service.
 * 5) Citizens of the Russian Federation shall have the right to participate in administering justice.

**//Article 33.//**
Citizens of the Russian Federation shall have the right to turn personally to, and send individual and collective petitions to state bodies and bodies of local self-government.

**//Article 34.//**
Everyone shall have the right to freely use his or her abilities and property for entrepreneurial or any other economic activity not prohibited by the law. 2. No economic activity aimed at monopolization or unfair competition shall be allowed.

**//Article 35.//**

 * 1) The right of private property shall be protected by law.
 * 2) Everyone shall have the right to have property in his or her ownership, to possess, use and manage it either individually or jointly with other persons.
 * 3) No one may be arbitrarily deprived of his or her property unless on the basis of decision by a court of law. Property can be forcibly alienated for state needs only on condition of a preliminary and equal compensation.
 * 4) The right of inheritance shall be guaranteed.

**//Article 36.//**

 * 1) Citizens and their associations shall have the right to have land in their private ownership.
 * 2) The possession, use and management of the land and other natural resources shall be freely exercised by their owners provided this does not cause damage to the environment or infringe upon the rights and interests of other persons.
 * 3) The terms and procedures for the use of land shall be determined on the basis of federal laws.

**//Article 37.//**

 * 1) Work shall be free. Everyone shall have the right to make free use of his or her abilities for work and to choose a type of activity and occupation.
 * 2) Forced labor shall be prohibited.
 * 3) Everyone shall have the right to work under conditions meeting the requirements of safety and hygiene, to remuneration for work without any discrimination whatsoever and not below the statutory minimum wage, and also the right to security against unemployment.
 * 4) The right to individual and collective labor disputes with the use of means of resolution thereof established by federal law, including the right to strike, shall be recognized.
 * 5) Everyone shall have the right to rest and leisure. A person having a work contract shall be guaranteed the statutory duration of the work time, days off and holidays, and paid annual vacation.

**//Article 38.//**

 * 1) Motherhood and childhood, and the family shall be under state protection.
 * 2) Care for children and their upbringing shall be the equal right and duty of the parents.
 * 3) Employable children who have reached 18 years old shall care for their non-employable parents.

**//Article 39.//**

 * 1) Everyone shall be guaranteed social security in old age, in case of disease, invalidity, loss of breadwinner, to bring up children and in other cases established by law.
 * 2) State pensions and social benefits shall be established by laws.
 * 3) Voluntary social insurance, development of additional forms of social security and charity shall be encouraged.

**//Article 40.//**

 * 1) Everyone shall have the right to a home. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of a home.
 * 2) State bodies and organs of local self-government shall encourage home construction and create conditions for the realization of the right to a home.
 * 3) Low-income citizens and other citizens, defined by the law, who are in need of housing shall be housed free of charge or for affordable pay from government, municipal and other housing funds in conformity with the norms stipulated by the law.

**//Article 41.//**

 * 1) Everyone shall have the right to health care and medical assistance. Medical assistance shall be made available by state and municipal health care institutions to citizens free of charge, with the money from the relevant budget, insurance payments and other revenues.
 * 2) The Russian Federation shall finance federal health care and health-building programs, take measures to develop state, municipal and private health care systems, encourage activities contributing to the strengthening of the man's health, to the development of physical culture and sport, and to ecological, sanitary and epidemiologic welfare.
 * 3) Concealment by officials of facts and circumstances posing hazards to human life and health shall involve liability in conformity with the federal law.

**//Article 42.//**
Everyone shall have the right to a favorable environment, reliable information about its condition and to compensation for the damage caused to his or her health or property by ecological violations.

**//Article 43.//**

 * 1) Everyone shall have the right to education.
 * 2) The accessibility and gratuity of pre-school, general secondary and vocational secondary education in public and municipal educational institutions and enterprises shall be guaranteed.
 * 3) Everyone shall have the right to receive, free of charge and on a competitive basis, higher education in a state or municipal educational institution or enterprise.
 * 4) Basic general education shall be mandatory. Parents or persons substituting for them shall make provisions for their children to receive basic general education.
 * 5) The Russian Federation shall institute federal state educational standards and support various forms of education and self-education.

**//Article 44.//**

 * 1) Everyone shall be guaranteed freedom of literary, artistic, scientific,intellectual and other types of creative activity and tuition. Intellectual property shall be protected by the law.
 * 2) Everyone shall have the right to participation in cultural life, to the use of institutions of culture, and access to cultural values.
 * 3) Everyone shall care for the preservation of the historic and cultural heritage and safeguard landmarks of history and culture.

**//Article 45.//**

 * 1) State protection for human rights and liberties in the Russian Federation shall be guaranteed.
 * 2) Everyone shall have the right to defend his or her rights and liberties by any means not prohibited by the law.

**//Article 46.//**

 * 1) Everyone shall be guaranteed protection of his or her rights and liberties in a court of law.
 * 2) The decisions and actions (or inaction) of state organs, organs of local self-government, public associations and officials may be appealed against in a court of law.
 * 3) In conformity with the international treaties of the Russian Federation, everyone shall have the right to turn to interstate organs concerned with the protection of human rights and liberties when all the means of legal protection available within the state have been exhausted.

**//Article 47.//**

 * 1) No one may be denied the right to having his or her case reviewed by the court and the judge under whose jurisdiction the given case falls under the law.
 * 2) Anyone charged with a crime has the right to have his or her case reviewed by a court of law with the participation of jurors in cases stipulated by the federal law.

**//Article 48.//**

 * 1) Everyone shall be guaranteed the right to qualified legal counsel. Legal counsel shall be provided free of charge in cases stipulated by the law.
 * 2) Every person who has been detained, taken into custody or charged with a crime shall have the right to legal counsel (defense attorney) from the moment of, respectively, detention or indictment.

**//Article 49.//**

 * 1) Everyone charged with a crime shall be considered not guilty until his or her guilt has been proven in conformity with the procedures stipulated by the federal law and established by the verdict of a court of law.
 * 2) The defendant shall not be obliged to prove his or her innocence.
 * 3) The benefit of doubt shall be interpreted in favor of the defendant.

**//Article 50.//**

 * 1) No oe may be repeatedly convicted for the same offense.
 * 2) In the administration ofjustice no evidence obtained in violation of the federal law shall be allowed.
 * 3) Everyone sentenced for a crime shall have the right to have the sentence reviewed by a higher court according to the procedure instituted by the federal law, and also the right to plea for clemency or mitigation punishment.

**//Article 51.//**

 * 1) No one shall be obliged to give evidence against himself or herself, for his or her spouse and close relatives, the range of which shall be established by the federal law.
 * 2) The federal law may stipulate other exemptions from the obligation to give evidence.

**//Article 52.//**
The rights of persons who have sustained harm from crimes and abuses of power shall be protected by the law. The state shall guarantee the victims access to justice and compensation for damage.

**//Article 53.//**
Everyone shall have the right to compensation by the state for the damage caused by unlawful actions (or inaction) of state organs, or their officials.

**//Article 54.//**

 * 1) The law instituting or aggravating the liability of a person shall have no retroactive force.
 * 2) No one may be held liable for an action which was not recognized as an offense at the time of its commitment. If liability for an offense has been lifted or mitigated after its perpetration, the new law shall apply.

**//Article 55.//**

 * 1) The listing of the basic rights and liberties in the Constitution of the Russian Federation shall not be interpreted as the denial or belittlement of the other commonly recognized human and citizens' rights and liberties.
 * 2) No laws denying or belittling human and civil rights and liberties may be issued in the Russian Federation.
 * 3) Human and civil rights and liberties may be restricted by the federal law only to the extent required for the protection of the fundamentals of the constitutional system, morality, health, rights and lawful interests of other persons, for ensuring the defense of the country and the security of the state.

**//Article 56.//**

 * 1) Individual restrictions of rights and liberties with identification of the extent and term of their duration may be instituted in conformity with the federal constitutional law under conditions of the state of emergency in order to ensure the safety of citizens and protection of the constitutional system.
 * 2) A state of emergency throughout the territory of the Russian Federation and in individual areas thereof may be introduced in the circumstances and in conformity with the procedures defined by the federal constitutional law.
 * 3) The rights and liberties stipulated by Articles 20, 21, 23 (part 1), 24, 28, 34 (part 1), 40 (part 1), 46-54 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation shall not be subject to restriction.

**//Article 57.//**
Everyone shall pay lawful taxes and fees. Laws introducing new taxes or worsening the situation of tax payers shall not have retroactive force.

**//Article 58.//**
Everyone shall be obliged to preserve nature and the environment, and care for natural wealth.

**//Article 59.//**

 * 1) Defense of the homeland shall be a duty and obligation of the citizen of the Russian Federation.
 * 2) The citizen of the Russian Federation shall do military service inconformity with the federal law.
 * 3) The citizen of the Russian Federation whose convictions and faith are at odds with military service, and also in other cases stipulated by the federal law shall have the right to the substitution of an alternative civil service for military service.

**//Article 60.//**
The citizen of the Russian Federation shall be recognized to be of legal age and may independently exercise his rights and duties in full upon reaching the age of 18.

**//Article 61.//**

 * 1) The citizen of the Russian Federation may not be deported out of Russia or extradited to another state.
 * 2) The Russian Federation shall guarantee its citizens defense and patronage beyond its boundaries.

**//Article 62.//**

 * 1) The citizen of the Russian Federation may have the citizenship of a foreign state (dual citizenship) in conformity with the federal law or international treaty of the Russian Federation.
 * 2) Possession of the citizenship of a foreign state by the citizen of the Russian Federation shall not belittle his or her ranks and liberties or exempt him or her from the duties stemming from Russian citizenship unless otherwise stipulated by the federal law or international treaty of the Russian Federation.
 * 3) Foreign citizens and stateless persons shall enjoy in the Russian Federation the rights of its citizens and bear their duties with the exception of cases stipulated by the federal law or international treaty of the Russian Federation.

**//Article 63.//**

 * 1) The Russian Federation shall grant political asylum to foreign citizens and stateless citizens in conformity with the commonly recognized norms of the international law.
 * 2) The extradition of persons persecuted for their political views or any actions (or inaction), which are not qualified as criminal by the law of the Russian Federation, to other states shall not be allowed in the Russian Federation. The extradition of persons charged with crimes and also the hand-over of convicts for serving time in other countries shall be effected on the basis of the federal law or international treaty of the Russian Federation.

**//Article 64.//**
The provisions of these articles form the basis of personal rights in the Russian Federation and may not be changed other than by the means set forth in this constitution.




 * ==Chapter 3. The Russian Federation== ||

**//Article 65.//**

 * 1) The Russian Federation shall consist of the subjects of the Federation: Republic of Adygeya (Adygeya), Republic of Altai, Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Buryatia, Republic of Dagestan, Ingush Republic, Kabardin-Balkar Republic, Republic of Kalmykia -- Khalmg Tangch, Karachayevo-Cherkess Republic, Republic of Karelia, Republic of Komi, Republic of Mari El, Republic of Mordovia, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Republic of North Ossetia, Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan), Republic of Tuva, Udmurt Republic, Republic of Khakasia, Chechen Republic, Chuvash Republic -- Chavash Republics; Altai Territory, Krasnodar Territory, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Maritime Territory, Stavropol Territory, Khabarovsk Territory; Amur Region, Arkhangelsk Region, Astrakhan Region, Belgorod Region, Bryansk Region, Vladimir Region, Volgograd Region, Vologda Region, Voronezh Region, Ivanovo Region, Irkutsk Region, Kaliningrad Region, Kaluga Region, Kamchatka Region, Kemerovo Region, Kirov Region, Kostroma Region, Kurgan Region, Kursk Region, Leningrad Region, Lipetsk Region, Magadan Region, Moscow Region, Murmansk Region, Nizhny Novgorod Region, Novgorod Region, Novosibirsk Region, Omsk Region, Orenburg Region, Oryol Region, Penza Region, Perm Region, Pskov Region, Rostov Region, Ryazan Region, Samara Region, Saratov Region, Sakhalin Region, Sverdlovsk Region, Smolensk Region, Tambov Region, Tver Region, Tomsk Region, Tula Region, Tyumen Region, Ulyanovsk Region, Chelyabinsk Region, Chita Region, Yaroslavl Region; Moscow, St. Petersburg -- federal cities; Jewish Autonomous Region; Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Area, Komi-Permyak Autonomous Area, Koryak Autonomous Area, Nenets Autonomous Area, Taimyr (Dolgan-Nenets) Autonomous Area, Ust-Ordynsky Buryat Autonomous Area, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area, Chukchi Autonomous Area, Evenk Autonomous Area, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Area.
 * 2) Accession to the Russian Federation and formation of a new subject of the Russian Federation within it shall be carried out as envisaged by the federal constitutional law.

**//Article 66.//**

 * 1) The status of a republic shall be defined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the constitution of the republic in question.
 * 2) The status of a territory, region, federal city,and autonomous region and autonomous area shall be determined by Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Charter of the territory, region, city of federal importance, autonomous region, autonomous area, adopted by the legislative (representative) body of the relevant subject of the Russian Federation.
 * 3) A federal law on autonomous region, autonomous area may be adopted at the nomination from the legislative and executive bodies of an autonomous region, autonomous area.
 * 4) Relations between autonomous areas within a territory or region may be regulated by the federal law and an agreement between bodies of state power of the autonomous area and, respectively, bodies of state power of the territory or the region.
 * 5) The status of a subject of the Russian Federation may be changed only with mutual consent of the Russian Federation and the subject of the Russian Federation in accordance with the federal constitutional law.

**//Article 67.//**

 * 1) The territory of the Russian Federation shall incorporate the territories of its subjects, the internal and territorial seas and the air space over them.
 * 2) The Russian Federation shall have sovereign rights and exercise jurisdiction on the continental shelf and in the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation under the procedure stipulated by the federal law and norms of international law.
 * 3) The boundaries between the subjects of the Russian Federation may be changed by their mutual agreement.

**//Article 68.//**

 * 1) The state language of the Russian Federation throughout its territory shall be the Russian language.
 * 2) The republics shall have the right to institute their own state languages. They shall be used alongside the state language of the Russian Federation in bodies of state power, bodies of local self-government andstate institutions of the republics.
 * 3) The Russian Federation shall guarantee all its peoples the right to preserve their native language and to create the conditions for its study and development.

**//Article 69.//**
The Russian Federation guarantees the rights of small indigenous peoples in accordance with the generally accepted principles and standards of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation.

**//Article 70.//**

 * 1) The national flag, State Emblem, and the national anthem, their description and the procedure for their official use shall be established by the federal constitutional law.
 * 2) The capital of the Russian Federation is the city of Moscow. The status of the capital shall be established by the federal law.

**//Article 71.//**
The jurisdiction of the Russian Federation shall include: a) the adoption and amendment of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws and supervision over compliance with them; b) the federal structure andterritory of the Russian Federation; c) regulation and protection of the rights and liberties of the human being and citizen; citizenship of the Russian Federation; regulation and protection of the rights of national minorities; d) establishment of the system of federal bodies of legislative, executive and judiciary power, procedure for the organization and activities thereof; formation of federal bodies of state power; e) federal and state property and management thereof; f) determining the basic principles of federal policy and federal programs in the field of state structure, the economy, the environment, and the social, cultural and national development of the Russian Federation; g) establishment of the legal framework for a single market; financial, monetary, credit and customs regulation, emission of money and guidelines for price policy; federal economic services, including federal banks; h) the federal budget; federal taxes and levies; federal funds of regional development; i) federal power grids, nuclear energy, fissionable materials; federal transport, railways, information and communications; space activities; j) foreign policy and international relations of the Russian Federation, international treaties of the Russian questions of war and peace; k) foreign trade relations of the Russian Federation; l) defense and security; defense production; determining procedures for the sale and purchase of arms, ammunition, military hardware and other equipment; production of fissionable materials, toxic substances, narcotics and procedure for the use thereof; m) defining the status and protection of the state border, territorial waters, the air space, the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf of the Russian Federation; n) law courts; Prosecutor's Office; criminal, criminal-procedural and criminal-executive legislation; amnesty and pardon; civil, civil-procedural and arbitration-procedural legislation; legal regulation of intellectual property; o) federal conflict of laws; p) meteorological service; standards, models, the metric system and time measurement; geodesy and cartography; names of geographical objects; official statistics and accounting; q) state decorations and honorary titles of the Russian Federation; r) federal state service.

**//Article 72.//**

 * 1) The joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the subjects of the Russian Federation shall include: a) ensuring compliance of the constitutions and laws of the republics, charters, laws, and other regulatory legal acts of the territories, regions, federal cities, the autonomous region and autonomous areas with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the federallaws; b) protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, protection of the rights of ethnic minorities; ensuring legality, law and order, and public safety; border zone regime; c) issues of the possession, use and management of the land, mineral resources, water and other natural resources; d) delimitation of state property; e) management of natural resources, protection of the environment and ecological safety; specially protected natural reserves; protection of historical and cultural monuments; f) general questions of upbringing, education, science, culture, physical culture and sports; g) coordination of health issues, protection of family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood; social protection including social security; h) implementing measures to combat catastrophes, natural disasters, epidemics and eliminating consequences thereof; i) establishment of the general guidelines for taxation and levies in the Russian Federation; j) administrative, administrative-procedural, labor, family, housing, land, water and forestry legislation; legislation on the sub-surface and environmental protection; k) cadres of judiciary and law-enforcement agencies; the bar, notariate; l) protection of the original environment and traditional way of life of small ethnic communities; m) establishment of general guidelines of the organization of the system of bodies of state power and local self-government; n) coordination of the international and external economic relations of the subjects of the Russian Federation, compliance with the international treaties of the Russian Federation.
 * 2) The provisions of this Article shall equally apply to the republics, territories, regions, federal cities, the autonomous region and autonomous areas.

**//Article 73.//**
Outside of the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the powers of the Russian Federation on issues within the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the subjects of the Russian Federation, the subjects of the Russian Federation shall exercise the entire spectrum of state power.

**//Article 74.//**

 * 1) No customs frontiers, duties, levies, or any other barriers for free movement of goods, services, or financial means may be established on the territory of the Russian Federation.
 * 2) Restrictions on the movement of goods and services may be established under the federal law, if this is necessary for the protection of the people's safety, their lives and health, protection of environment and cultural values.

**//Article 75.//**

 * 1) The monetary unit of the Russian Federation shall be the ruble. The monetary emission shall be the exclusive responsibility of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. No other currencies may be issued in the Russian Federation.
 * 2) The protection and stability of the ruble is the main function of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation which it shall exercise independently from other bodies of state power.
 * 3) The system of taxes levied to the federal budget and the general principles of taxation and levies in the Russian Federation shall be established by the federal law.
 * 4) State loans shall be issued in accordance with the procedure established by the federal law and placed on a strictly voluntary basis.

**//Article 76.//**

 * 1) On issues within the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation federal constitutional laws and federal laws shall be adopted having direct effect throughout the territory of the Russian Federation.
 * 2) On matters within the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the subjects of the Russian Federation federal laws shall be issued and in accordance with them laws and other regulatory legal acts of the subjects of the Russian Federation shall be adopted.
 * 3) Federal laws may not contravene federal constitutional laws.
 * 4) Outside of the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the subjects of the Russian Federation republics, territories, regions, federal cities, autonomous regions and autonomous areas shall effect their own legal regulation, including the adoption of laws and other regulatory legal acts. 5. Laws and other regulatory legal acts of the subjects of the Russian Federation may not contravene federal laws adopted in accordance with parts 1 and 2 of this Article. In the event of a contradiction between a federal law and any other act issued in the Russian Federation, the federal law shall apply.
 * 5) In the event of a contradiction between the federal law and a regulatory legal act of a subject of the Russian Federation issued in accordance with part 4 of this Article, the regulatory legal act of the subject of the Russian Federation shall apply.

**//Article 77.//**

 * 1) The system of state power bodies of the republics, territories, regions, federal cities, the autonomous region, autonomous areas shall be established by the subjects of the Russian Federation independently in accordance with the basic principles of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and general principles of the organization of legislative and executive bodies of power as envisaged by the federal law.
 * 2) Within the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the powers of the Russian Federation on issues within the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the subjects of the Russian Federation the federal bodies of executive power and bodies of executive power of the subjects of the Russian Federation shall form the single system of executive power in the Russian Federation.

**//Article 78.//**

 * 1) To exercise their powers, the federal bodies of executive power may set up their own
 * 2) territorial structures and appoint respective officials. 2. By agreement with organs of executive power of the subjects of the Russian Federation, the federal organs of executive power may delegate to them part of their powers provided this does not contravene the Constitution of the Russian Federation or federal laws.
 * 3) By agreement with the federal organs of executive power, organs of executive power of the subjects of the Russian Federation may delegate part of their powers to them.
 * 4) The President of the Russian Federation and the government of the Russian Federation shall, under the Constitution of the Russian Federation, exercise the authority of federal state power throughout the territory of the Russian Federation.

**//Article 79.//**
The Russian Federation may participate in inter-state associations and delegate some of its powers to them in accordance with international agreements if this does not restrict human or civil rights and liberties or contravene the fundamentals of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation.


 * ==Chapter 4. President of the Russian Federation== ||

**//Article 80.//**

 * 1) The President of the Russian Federation shall be the head of state.
 * 2) The President shall be the guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and of human and civil rights and freedoms. In accordance with the procedure established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, he shall take measures to protect the sovereignty of the Russian Federation, its independence and state integrity, and ensure concerted functioning and interaction of all bodies of state power.
 * 3) The President of the Russian Federation shall define the basic domestic and foreign policy guidelines of the state in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws.
 * 4) The President of the Russian Federation as head of state shall represent the Russian Federation inside the country and in international relations.

**//Article 81.//**

 * 1) The President of the Russian Federation shall be elected for a term of four years by the citizens of the Russian Federation on the basis of general, equal and direct vote by secret ballot.
 * 2) A citizen of the Russian Federation not younger than 35, who has resided in the Russian Federation for not less than 10 years, may be elected President of the Russian Federation.
 * 3) No one person shall hold the office of President of the Russian Federation for more than two terms in succession.
 * 4) The procedure for electing the President of the Russian Federation shall be determined by federal law.

**//Article 82.//**

 * 1) At his inauguration the President of the Russian Federation shall take the following oath to the people: "I vow, in the performance of my powers as the President of the Russian Federation to respect and protect the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, to observe and protect the Constitution of the Russian Federation, to protect the sovereignty and independence, security and integrity of the state and to serve the people faithfully."
 * 2) The oath shall be taken in a solemn atmosphere in the presence of members of the Council of the Federation, deputies of the State Duma and judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.

**//Article 83.//**
The President of the Russian Federation shall: a) appoint Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation subject to consent of the State Duma; b) have the right to preside over meetings of the Government of the Russian Federation; c) decide on resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation; d) introduce to the State Duma a candidature for appointment to the office of the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation; submit to the State Duma the proposal on relieving the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation of his duties; e) appoint and dismiss deputy chairmen of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministers as proposed by the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation; f) submit to the Federation Council candidates for appointment to the office of judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation as well as the candidate for Prosecutor- General of the Russian Federation; submit to the Federation Council the proposal on relieving the Prosecutor-General of the Russian Federation of his duties; appoint the judges of other federal courts. g) form and head the Security Council of the Russian Federation, the status of which is determined by federal law; h) endorse the military doctrine of the Russian Federation; i) form the staff of the President of the Russian Federation; j) appoint and dismiss plenipotentiary representatives of the President of the Russian Federation; k) appoint and dismiss the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation; l) appoint and recall, after consultations with the resp ective committees or commissions of the Federal Assembly, diplomatic representatives of the Russian Federation to foreign states and international organizations.

**//Article 84.//**
The President of the Russian Federation shall: a) call elections to the chambers of the State Duma in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal law; b) dissolve the State Duma in cases and under procedures envisaged by the Constitution of the Russian Federation; c) call a referendum under procedures established by federal constitutional law; d) introduce draft laws in the State Duma; e) sign and publish federal laws; f) present annual messages to the Federal Assembly on the situation in the country and on basic directions of the internal and external policies of the state.

**//Article 85.//**

 * 1) The President of the Russian Federation may use dispute-settlement procedures to settle differences between organs of state power of the Russian Federation and organs of state power of the subjects of the Russian Federation, and also between organs of state power of the subjects of the Russian Federation. If no decision is agreed upon, he may turn the dispute over for review by the respective court of law.
 * 2) The President of the Russian Federation shall have the right to suspend acts by organs of executive power of the subjects of the Russian Federation if such acts contravene the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, the international obligations of the Russian Federation, or violate human and civil rights and liberties, pending the resolution of the issue in appropriate court.

**//Article 86.//**
The President of the Russian Federation shall: a) supervise the conduct of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation; b) conduct negotiations and sign international treaties of the Russian Federation; c) sign instruments of ratification; d) accept credentials and instruments of recall of diplomatic representatives accredited with him.

**//Article 87.//**

 * 1) The President of the Russian Federation shall be the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
 * 2) In the event of aggression against the Russian Federation or an immediate threat thereof, the President of the Russian Federation shall introduce martial law on the territory of the Russian Federation or in areas thereof with immediate notification thereof of the Federation Council and the State Duma.

**//Article 88.//**
Under the circumstances and procedures envisaged by the Federal Constitutional Law, the President of the Russian Federation shall impose a state of emergency on the territory of the Russian Federation or in areas thereof with immediate notification of the Federation Council and the State Duma.

**//Article 89.//**
The President of the Russian Federation shall: a) resolve issues of citizenship of the Russian Federation and of granting political asylum; b) award state decorations of the Russian Federation, confer honorary titles of the Russian Federation and top military ranks and top specialized titles; c) grant pardon.

**//Article 90.//**

 * 1) The President of the Russian Federation shall issue decrees and executive orders.
 * 2) The decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation shall be binding throughout the territory of the Russian Federation.
 * 3) The decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation may not contravene the Constitution of the Russian Federation or federal laws.

**//Article 91.//**
The President of the Russian Federation shall possess immunity.

**//Article 92.//**

 * 1) The President of the Russian Federation shall assume his powers from the time he shall be sworn in and terminate his exercise of such powers with the expiry of his tenure of office from the time the newly-elected President of the Russian Federation shall have been sworn in.
 * 2) The powers of the President of the Russian Federation shall be terminated in the event of his resignation or sustained inability due to health to discharge his powers or in the event of impeachment. In such cases new elections of the President of the Russian Federation shall be held not later than three months after the early termination of the President's powers.
 * 3) In all cases when the President of the Russian Federation shall be unable to perform his duties such duties shall be temporarily performed by the chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. The acting president of the Russian Federation shall have no right to dissolve the State Duma, call a referendum or make proposals on amendment or revision of the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

**//Article 9.//**

 * 1) The President of the Russian Federation may be impeached by the Federation Council only on the basis of charges put forward against him of high treason or some other grave crime, confirmed by a ruling of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the presence of indicia of crime in the President's actions and by a ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation confirming that the procedure of bringing charges has been observed.
 * 2) The ruling of the State Duma on putting forward charges and the decision of the Federation Council on impeachment of the President shall be passed by the votes of two-thirds of the total number in each of the chambers at the initiative of at least one-third of the deputies of the State Duma and in the presence of the opinion of a special commission formed by the State Duma.
 * 3) The decision of the Federation Council on impeaching the President of the Russian Federation shall be passed within three months of the charges being brought against the President by the State Duma. The charges against the President shall be considered to be rejected if the decision of the Federation Council shall not be passed.


 * ==Chapter 5. The Federal Assembly== ||

**//Article 94.//**
The Federal Assembly -- Parliament of the Russian Federation --shall be the supreme representative and legislative body of the Russian Federation.

**//Article 95.//**

 * 1) The Federal Assembly shall consist of two chambers -- the Federation Council and the State Duma.
 * 2) Two deputies from each subject of the Federation shall be members of Federation Council: one from the representative and one from the executive bodies of state authority.
 * 3) The State Duma shall consist of 450 deputies.

**//Article 96.//**

 * 1) The State Duma shall be elected for a term of four years.
 * 2) The procedure for forming the Federation Council and the procedure for electing deputies to the State Duma shall be established by federal law.

**//Article 97.//**

 * 1) Any citizen of the Russian Federation aged 21 and older who has the right to take part in elections may be elected deputy to the State Duma.
 * 2) One and the same person may not concurrently be a deputy to the Federation Council and to the State Duma. A deputy to the State Duma may not be a deputy to any other representative body of state power or bodies of local self-government.
 * 3) The deputies to the State Duma shall work on a permanent professional basis. Deputies to the State Duma may not be employed in the civil service or engage in any activities for remuneration other than teaching, research or other creative activities.

**//Article 98.//**

 * 1) Deputies to the Federation Council and deputies to the State Duma shall possess immunity throughout their term in office. A deputy may not be detained, arrested, searched except when detained in the act of perpetrating a crime, and may not be subject to personal search except when such search shall be authorized by law to ensure the safety of other people.
 * 2) The question of stripping a deputy of immunity shall be decided on the recommendation of the Prosecutor-General of the Russian Federation by the corresponding chamber of the Federal Assembly.

**//Article 99.//**

 * 1) The Federal Assembly shall be a permanent body.
 * 2) The State Duma shall hold its first session on the 30th day after its election. The President of the Russian Federation may convene a session of the State Duma before this term.
 * 3) The first session of the State Duma shall be opened by the oldest deputy.
 * 4) From the start of the work of the new State Duma the powers of the previous State Duma shall cease.

**//Article 100.//**

 * 1) The Federation Council and the State Duma shall sit separately.
 * 2) The sessions of the Federation Council and the State Duma shall be open. Each chamber has the right to hold closed sessions as envisaged by its rules.
 * 3) The chambers may have joint sessions to hear the addresses of the President of the Russian Federation, addresses of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and speeches by leaders of foreign states.

**//Article 101.//**

 * 1) The Federation Council shall elect from among its members the Chairman of the Federation Council and his deputies. The State Duma shall elect from among its members the Chairman of the State Duma and his deputies.
 * 2) The Chairman of the Federation Council and his deputies, the Chairman of the State Duma and his deputies shall preside over the sessions and supervise the internal rules of the chamber.
 * 3) The Federation Council and the State Duma shall form committees and commissions, exercise parliamentary supervision over issues within their jurisdiction and hold parliamentary hearings.
 * 4) Each chamber shall adopt its own rules and solve questions of internal organization and work.
 * 5) In order to exercise control over the federal budget the Federation Council and the State Duma shall form an Accounting Chamber, the membership and rules of order of which shall be determined by federal law.

**//Article 102.//**

 * 1) The jurisdiction of the Federation Council shall include: a) approval of changes of borders between the subjects of the Russian Federation; b) approval of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of martial law; c) approval of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of a state of emergency; d) making decisions on the possibility of the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation outside the territory of the Russian Federation; e) calling of elections of the President of the Russian Federation; f) impeachment of the President of the Russian Federation. g) the appointment of judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, and the Supreme Court of Arbitration of the Russian Federation; h) the appointment to office and the removal from office of the Prosecutor-General of the Russian Federation; i) the appointment to office and removal from office of the deputy Chairman of the Accounting Chamber and half of its staff of its auditors.
 * 2) The Federation Council shall pass resolutions on the issues within its jurisdiction under the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
 * 3) The decrees of the Federation Council shall be adopted by a majority of all deputies to the Federation Council unless otherwise provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

**//Article 103.//**

 * 1) The jurisdiction of the State Duma shall include: a) granting consent to the President of the Russian Federation for the appointment of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation; b) decisions on confidence in the government of the Russian Federation; c) the appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation; d) the appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the Accounting Chamber and half of its staff of auditors; e) the appointment and dismissal of the Plenipotentiary for Human Rights acting in accordance with the Federal Constitutional Law; f) granting amnesty; g) bringing charges against the President of the Russian Federation for his impeachment.
 * 2) The State Duma shall adopt resolutions on the issues of its jurisdiction envisaged by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
 * 3) The resolutions of the State Duma shall be adopted by a majority of votes of all deputies of the State Duma unless otherwise provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

**//Article 104.//**

 * 1) The President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council, the members to the Federation Council, the deputies to the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation and the legislative (representative) bodies of the subjects of the Russian Federation shall have the right of legislative initiative. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of Arbitration of the Russian Federation shall also have the right of legislative initiative within their jurisdiction.
 * 2) Draft laws shall be introduced in the State Duma.
 * 3) The draft laws on the introduction or abolishing of taxes, exemptions from the payment thereof, on the issue of state loans, on changes in the financial obligations of the state and other draft laws providing for expenditures covered from the federal budget may be introduced to the State Duma only with a corresponding resolution by the Government of the Russian Federation.

**//Article 105.//**

 * 1) Federal laws shall be passed by the State Duma.
 * 2) Federal laws shall be passed by a majority of votes of all deputies of the State Duma unless otherwise provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
 * 3) Laws adopted by the State Duma shall be passed to the Federation Council for review within five days.
 * 4) A federal law shall be considered passed by the Federation Council if more than half of its deputies vote for it or if within fourteen days it has not been considered by the Federation Council. In the event the Federation Council shall reject the federal law, the chambers may set up a conciliatory commission to settle the differences, whereupon the federal law shall again be considered by the State Duma.
 * 5) In the event the State Duma shall disagree with the decision of the Federation Council, the federal law shall be considered adopted if, in the second voting, at least two-thirds of the total number of deputies to the State Duma vote for it.

**//Article 106.//**
The federal laws adopted by the State Duma shall be considered by the Federation Council on a mandatory basis if such laws deal with the issues of: a) the federal budget; b) federal taxes and levies; c) financial, monetary, credit and customs regulations and money emission; d) ratification and denunciation of international treaties of the Russian Federation; e) the status and protection of the state border of the Russian Federation; f) war and peace.

**//Article 107.//**

 * 1) An adopted federal law shall be sent to the President of the Russian Federation for signing and publication within five days.
 * 2) The President of the Russian Federation shall, within fourteen days, sign a federal law and publish it.
 * 3) If the President rejects a federal law within fourteen days since it was sent to him, the State Duma and the Federation Council shall again consider the law in accordance with the procedure established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. If, during the second hearings, the federal law shall be approved in its earlier draft by a majority of not less than two thirds of the total number of deputies of the Federation Council and the State Duma, it shall be signed by the President of the Russian Federation within seven days and published.

**//Article 108.//**

 * 1) Federal constitutional laws shall be passed on issues specified in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
 * 2) A federal constitutional law shall be considered adopted, if it has been approved by a majority of at least three quarters of the total number of deputies of the Federation Council and at least two thirds of the total number of deputies of the State Duma. The adopted federal constitutional law shall be signed by the President of the Russian Federation within fourteen days and published.

**//Article 109.//**

 * 1) The State Duma may be dissolved by the President of the Russian Federation in cases stipulated in Articles 111 and 117 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
 * 2) In the event of the dissolution of the State Duma, the President of the Russian Federation shall determine the date of elections so that the newly-elected State Duma shall convene not later than four months since the time of dissolution.
 * 3) The State Duma may not be dissolved on grounds provided for by Article 117 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation within one year after its election.
 * 4) The State Duma may not be dissolved since the time it has brought accusations against the President of the Russian Federation and until a corresponding decision has been taken by the Federation Council. 5. The State Duma may not be dissolved during the period of the state of emergency or martial law throughout the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as within six months of the expiry of the term of office of the President of the Russian Federation


 * ==Chapter 6. The Government of the Russian Federation== ||

**//Article 110.//**

 * 1) Executive power in the Russian Federation shall be exercised by the Government of the Russian Federation.
 * 2) The Government of the Russian Federation shall consist of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, Deputy Chairmen of the Government and federal ministers.

**//Article 111.//**

 * 1) The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation shall be appointed by the President of the Russian Federation with consent of the State Duma.
 * 2) The proposal on the candidacy of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation shall be made no later than two weeks after the inauguration of the newly-elected President of the Russian Federation or after the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation or within one week after the rejection of the candidate by the State Duma.
 * 3) The State Duma shall consider the candidacy of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation submitted by the President of the Russian Federation within one week after the nomination.
 * 4) After the State Duma thrice rejects candidates for Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation nominated by the President of the Russian Federation, the President of the Russian Federation shall appoint a Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, dissolve the State Duma and call a new election.

**//Article 112.//**

 * 1) The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation shall, not later than one week after appointment, submit to the President of the Russian Federation proposals on the structures of the federal bodies of executive power.
 * 2) The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation shall propose to the President of the Russian Federation candidates for the office of Deputy Chairmen of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministers.

**//Article 113.//**
The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and decrees of the President of the Russian Federation shall determine the guidelines of the work of the Government of the Russian Federation and shall organize its work.

**//Article 114.//**

 * 1) The Government of the Russian Federation shall: a) develop and submit the federal budget to the State Duma and ensure compliance therewith; submit a report on the execution of the federal budget to the State Duma; b) ensure the implementation in the Russian Federation of a uniform financial, credit and monetary policy; c) ensure the implementation in the Russian Federation of a uniform state policy in the field of culture, science, education, health, social security and ecology; d) manage federal property; e) adopt measures to ensure the country's defense, state security and the implementation of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation; f) implement measures to ensure legality, the rights and freedoms of citizens, protect property and public law and order and control crime; g) exercise any other powers vested in it by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation.
 * 2) The work of the Government of the Russian Federation shall be regulated by federal constitutional law.

**//Article 115.//**

 * 1) On the basis of and pursuant to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and normative decrees of the President of the Russian Federation the Government of the Russian Federation shall issue decrees and orders and ensure their implementation thereof.
 * 2) The decrees and orders of the Government of the Russian Federation shall be binding throughout the Russian Federation.
 * 3) The decrees and executive orders of the Government of the Russian Federation may be repealed by the President of the Russian Federation if they contravene the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation.

**//Article 116.//**
The Government of the Russian Federation shall lay down its powers before the newly-elected President of the Russian Federation.

**//Article 117.//**

 * 1) The Government of the Russian Federation may hand in its resignation which may be accepted or rejected by the President of the Russian Federation.
 * 2) The President of the Russian Federation may take a decision about the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation.
 * 3) The State Duma may express non-confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation. The non-confidence resolution shall be approved by a simple majority of deputies in the State Duma. In the event the State Duma shall again express non-confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation within three months, the President of the Russian Federation shall announce the resignation of the Government or dissolve the State Duma.
 * 4) The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation may put the question of confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation before the State Duma. In the case of a non-confidence vote by the State Duma, the President shall within seven days make a decision about the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation or about the dissolution of the State Duma and call a new election.
 * 5) If the Government of the Russian Federation resigns or lays down its powers, it shall, following instructions by the President of the Russian Federation, continue working until the formation of a new government of the Russian Federation.


 * ==Chapter 7. Judiciary== ||

**//Article 118.//**

 * 1) Justice in the Russian Federation shall be administered only by law courts.
 * 2) Judiciary power shall be exercised to constitutional, civil, administrative and criminal process.
 * 3) The judiciary system of the Russian Federation shall be established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the federal constitutional law. The creation of extraordinary courts shall be forbidden.

**//Article 119.//**
Citizens of the Russian Federation aged 25 and older, holding a law degree and having worked in the law profession for at least five years may become judges. The federal law may establish additional requirements for judges in the courts of the Russian Federation.

**//Article 120.//**

 * 1) Judges shall be independent and shall obey only the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the federal law.
 * 2) A court of law, having established the illegality of an act of government or any other body, shall pass a ruling in accordance with law.

**//Article 121.//**

 * 1) Judges may not be replaced.
 * 2) A judge may not have his powers terminated or suspended except under procedures and on grounds established by federal law.

**//Article 122.//**

 * 1) Judges shall possess immunity.
 * 2) Criminal proceedings may not be brought against a judge except as provided for by federal law.

**//Article 123.//**

 * 1) All trials in all law courts shall be open. The hearing of a case can be in camera in cases provided by the federal law.
 * 2) Hearing of criminal cases in law courts in absentia shall not be allowed except the cases provided for by the federal law.
 * 3) The trial shall be conducted on an adversarial and equal basis.
 * 4) In cases stipulated by federal law trials shall be held by jury.

**//Article 124.//**
Law courts shall be financed only out of the federal budget and financing shall ensure full and independent administration of justice in accordance with federal law.

**//Article 125.//**

 * 1) The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation consists of 19 judges.
 * 2) The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on request by the President of the Russian Federation, the State Duma, one-fifth of the members of the Federation Council or deputies of the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, bodies of legislative and executive power of subjects of the Russian Federation shall resolve cases about compliance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation of: a) federal laws, normative acts of the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council, State Duma and the Government of the Russian Federation; b) republican constitutions, charters, as well as laws and other normative acts of subjects of the Russian Federation published on issues pertaining to the jurisdiction of bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and joint jurisdiction of bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and bodies of state power of subjects of the Russian Federation; c) agreements between bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and bodies of state power of subjects of the Russian Federation, agreements between bodies of state power of subjects of the Russian Federation; d) international agreements of the Russian Federation that have not entered into force.
 * 3) The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation shall resolve disputes over jurisdiction: a) between the federal state bodies; b) between state bodies of the Russian Federation and state bodies of the subjects of the Russian Federation; c) between supreme state bodies of subjects of the Russian Federation.
 * 4) The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, proceeding from complaints about violation of constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens and requests from courts shall review the constitutionality of the law applied or due to be applied in a specific case in accordance with procedures established by federal law.
 * 5) The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on request by the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council, State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation, legislative bodies of subjects of the Russian Federation shall interpret the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
 * 6) Acts and their provisions deemed unconstitutional shall loose force thereof; international agreements of the Russian Federation may not be enforced and applied if they violate the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
 * 7) The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on request of the Federation Council shall rule on compliance with established procedures when charging the President of the Russian Federation with state treason or other grave crime.

**//Article 126.//**
The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation shall be the highest judiciary body on civil, criminal, administrative and other matters triable by general jurisdiction courts, and shall effect judiciary supervision over their activity in line with federal procedural forms and shall offer explanations on judicial practice issues.

**//Article 127.//**
The Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation shall be the highest judiciary body resolving economic disputes and other cases considered by arbitration courts, and shall carry out judicial supervision over their activity in line with federal legal procedures and shall offer explanations on questions of judiciary practice.

**//Article 128.//**

 * 1) Judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation shall be appointed by the Federation Council following nomination by the President of the Russian Federation.
 * 2) Judges of other federal courts shall be appointed by the President of the Russian Federation in accordance with procedures established by federal law.
 * 3) The powers, and procedure of the formation and activities of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation and other federal courts shall be established by federal constitutional law.

**//Article 129.//**

 * 1) The Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation is a single centralized system in which
 * 2) lower prosecutors are subordinated to higher prosecutors and the Prosecutor-General of the Russian Federation.
 * 3) The Prosecutor-General of the Russian Federation shall be appointed to his post and relieved from the post by the Federation Council on nomination by the President of the Russian Federation.
 * 4) Prosecutors of subjects of the Russian Federation shall be appointed by the Prosecutor-General of the Russian Federation after consultations with its subjects.
 * 5) Other prosecutors shall be appointed by the Prosecutor- General of the Russian Federation.
 * 6) The powers, organization and working procedure for the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation shall be determined by federal law.


 * ==Chapter 8. Local Self-Government== ||

**//Article 130.//**

 * 1) Local self-government in the Russian Federation shall ensure independent solution by the population of local issues, the ownership, use and disposal of municipal property.
 * 2) Local self-government shall be exercised by the citizens through referendums, elections and forms of expression of their will, through elected and other bodies of local self-government

**//Article 131.//**

 * 1) Local self-government shall be exercised in the cities, rural areas and other localities taking into account historical and other local traditions. The structure of bodies of local self-government shall be determined by the population independently.
 * 2) The borders of territorial entities under local self- government shall be changed only with the consent of their population.

**//Article 132.//**

 * 1) The bodies of local self-government shall independently manage municipal property, form, approve and execute the local budget, establish local taxes and levies, ensure law and order and solve any other local issues.
 * 2) The bodies of local self-government may be invested under law with certain state powers with the transfer of material and financial resources required to exercise such powers. The exercise of the powers transferred shall be supervised by the state.

**//Article 133.//**
Local self-government in the Russian Federation shall be guaranteed by the right to judicial protection and compensation for any additional expenses arising from the decisions passed by the bodies of state power, and the ban on the restrictions of the rights of local self-government established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws.


 * ==Chapter 9. Constitutional Amendments and Revisions== ||

**//Article 134.//**
Proposals on amendments and revision of constitutional provisions may be made by the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council, the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation, legislative (representative) bodies of the subjects of the Russian Federation as well as groups of deputies numbering not less than one-fifth of the total number of deputies of the Federation Council or the State Duma.

**//Article 135.//**

 * 1) The provisions of Chapters 1, 2 and 9 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation may not be revised by the Federal Assembly.
 * 2) In the event a proposal to revise any provisions in Chapters 1, 2 and 9 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation shall be supported by three-fifths of the total number of deputies of the Federation Council and the State Duma, a Constitutional Assembly shall be convened in accordance with the federal constitutional law.
 * 3) The Constitutional Assembly may either confirm the inviolability of the Constitution of the Russian Federation or develop a new draft of the Constitution of the Russian Federation which shall be adopted by two-thirds of the total number of deputies to the Constitutional Assembly or submitted to popular voting. The Constitution of the Russian Federation shall be considered adopted during such poll if more than half of its participants have voted for it, provided more than half of the electorate have taken part in the poll.

**//Article 136.//**
Amendments to Chapters 3-8 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation shall be adopted in accordance with the procedures envisaged for the adoption of a federal constitutional law and shall come into force following the approval thereof by no less than two-thirds of the subjects of the Russian Federation.

**//Article 137.//**

 * 1) Changes to Article 65 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which determines the composition of the Russian Federation, shall be made on the basis of the federal constitutional law on admission to the Russian Federation and the formation within the Russian Federation of a new subject and on a change of the constitutional-legal status of the subject of the Russian Federation.
 * 2) In the event of a change in the name of the republic, territory, region, federal cities, autonomous region and autonomous area, the new name of the subject of the Russian Federation shall be included in Article 65 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.


 * =SECOND PART=

Concluding and Transitional Provisions
||

**//Article 1.//**
The Constitution of the Russian Federation comes into force from the day of its official publication on the basis of the results of a nationwide vote. The election day, December 12, 1993 is considered the day of adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Simultaneously, the Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Russian Federation - Russia, adopted 12 April, 1978, with the changes and amendments that followed, ceases to be valid. In the event of a situation of nonconformity between the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Treaty - the Agreement on the Delineation of Jurisdiction and Powers between the Federal Bodies of State Power of the Russian Federation and the Bodies of State Power of the Sovereign Republics making up the Russian Federation, the Agreement on the Delineation of Jurisdiction and Powers between the Federal Bodies of State Power of the Russian Federation and Bodies of State Power of the territories, regions, the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg of the Russian Federation, the Agreement on the Delineation of Jurisdiction and Powers between the Federal Bodies of State Power of the Russian Federation and Bodies of State power of the autonomous region, autonomous areas making up the Russian Federation, and similarly other agreements between the Federal Bodies of State Power of the Russian Federation and Bodies of State Power of the subjects of the Russian Federation, agreements between Bodies of State Power of the subjects of the Russian Federation, the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation shall apply.

**//Article 2.//**
Laws and other legal acts in effect on the territory of the Russian Federation until the enactment of this Constitution are enforced in so far as they do not contravene the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

**//Article 3.//**
The President of the Russian Federation, elected in accordance with the Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Russian Federation - Russia, from the day this Constitution takes effect exercises the powers set down in the Constitution until the end of his term for which he was elected.

**//Article 4.//**
The Council of Ministers - the Government of the Russian Federation from the day this Constitution takes effect assumes the rights, duties and responsibilities of the Government of the Russian Federation set down in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and in future shall be designated as the Government of the Russian Federation.

**//Article 5.//**
Courts in the Russian Federation exercise the right to administer justice in accordance with their powers as set down in this Constitution. After the Constitution takes effect the judges of all courts of the Russian Federation preserve their powers until the end of their terms for which they were elected. Vacancies shall be filled in accordance with the procedures set down in this Constitution.

**//Article 6.//**
Until the adoption of a federal law setting forth the procedures for trial by jury, the prior procedure for conducting trials shall be retained. Until the enforcement of criminal-procedural legislation of the Russian Federation in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution, the prior procedures of the arrest, custody and detention of individuals suspected of committing crimes shall be maintained.

**//Article 7.//**
The Federal Council and the State Duma of the first convocation shall be elected for a two-year term.

**//Article 8.//**
The Federation Council shall hold its first session on the 30th day after election. The first session of the Federation Council shall be opened by the President of the Russian Federation.

**//Article 9.//**
A deputy of the State Duma of the first convocation may simultaneously be a member of the Government of the Russian Federation. Deputies of the State Duma - members of the Government of the RussianFederation - are not covered by the provisions of this Constitution concerning deputies' immunity from responsibility for their activities (or their lack of activity) connected with the execution of their official duties. Deputies of the Federation Council of the first convocation shall exercise their powers on a temporary basis.

__Current Event__
President Medvedev addressed concerns about the party system in Russia in January. Currently, the United Russia Party is the ruling party, headed by Vladimir Putin. The legitimacy of recent state elections has been called into question as people criticized them as being rigged. Medvedev recognizes that the system must be changed because so many citizens do not participate because they think that their vote does not matter. There are so many political factions and not all of them are represented proportionally in the state parliaments. During a State Council meeting, the president announced that a proposed law that would give parties who receive over 5% of the regional vote to be given seats in the regional parliaments, as the current number is 7%. This would hopefully affect how much representation citizens as individuals are given, as this directly affects the legitimacy of the republic. If elections are not representative of how the people feel, then the country of Russia cannot be legitimate. However, the republic is still very young and reforms can and hopefully will be made.

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